Relay

Relays are electronic switches used when an independent low-voltage signal is needed to control a high-power circuit. They commonly use an electromagnet (coil) to operate their internal mechanical switching mechanism (contacts).

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LM317 voltage regulator pin diagram and pin names

LM317 Adjustable voltage regulator

It is an easy-to-use three-terminal adjustable-voltage regulator. The LM317 voltage regulator circuit requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. If a fixed resistor is connected between the output and adjustment pin, it can also be a precision current regulator.

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power factor explaination. Transmission line losses.

Power factor and Power factor correction (PFC)

What is Power factor in AC circuits? Electricity primarily travels through AC waveforms, and the efficiency of this transmission is quantified using the power factor. This factor is derived by dividing the average power by the “apparent” power. The apparent power is computed by multiplying the RMS values of voltage

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Solid state relay

Construction, Advantages and disadvantages over electromechanical relays, No moving parts, Input circuit of SSR, Output circuit of SSR, Applications, AC load switching

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Triac

Introduction, Advantages and disadvantages of triac, Symbol and construction of Triac, Operation of Triac, Current-Voltage relationship of Triac, Triac control circuit, Applications of Triac.

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Diac

Bi-directional switch, No gate electrode, Symmetric current-voltage relationship, Triggering of Triacs, Holding current

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Thyristor (SCR)

Silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR), unidirectional, Construction, I-V characteristics, PNPN, Gate, Anode, Cathode, Diode vs SCR, Data-sheet specifications

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Buck-Boost converter (Inverter)

What is buck-boost (inverter) converter? A buck-boost converter is an energy-efficient DC-DC (direct current) converter that steps down and inverts the voltage from positive to negative voltages. The name is “buck” because the output is less than the input voltage (e.g., -10V output is less than +3.3V input). It has

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Boost converter (Step-Up)

What is a boost converter? A boost converter is a DC-DC (direct current to direct current) converter used to step up or increase a DC voltage from a lower to a higher level. It is also called a step-up converter. It converts a lower DC voltage input to a higher

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Buck converter (Step-down)

Buck converter definition A buck converter, also known as a step-down converter, is a high-energy efficiency DC-to-DC converter that steps down the input voltage to a lower output voltage while maintaining the same polarity. It uses lossless components like inductors, capacitors, and switches to achieve high efficiency. Output voltage regulation

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